This admission led to a four-game suspension. I never had an issue with my groin ever again," Harrison, now an analyst, said on NBC this past week. I put a foreign substance in my body and I don't know the long-term effects. I have a black cloud over my career. I played 15 years and that doesn't feel good.
That's embarrassing. But also I look at the kids, my kids and the kids that look up to me, and now I have to tell them why I did it. Maybe I can use this opportunity to let them know it's not worth it, point blank, period. It's just not worth it. Apparently, though, it's worth it to many players in the NFL. It seems clear that they're using HGH, and for now, it seems clear that there's little chance they'll be caught doing it.
Photos: Soccer players on the wrong side of the anti-doping authorities. Mamadou Sakho was handed a day suspension last season after returnning a positive sample for a fat burner. Sakho's defence was that he accepted that the fat burner -- higenamine -- was in his system but insisted it had not been an anti-doping violation as the substance was not on WADA's prohibited list, UEFA opted not to extend Sakho's provisional day suspension.
Hide Caption. Sakho has fallen out of favor at Liverpool and is loan at Crystal Palace. Arguably football's most high profile positive by a player came courtesy of Diego Maradona at the World Cup for ephedrine. Juventus doctor Riccardo Agricola was found guilty of administering performance-enhancing drugs at Juventus from to and jailed for 22 months in A year later the decision was overturned in the Italian courts.
Along with Agricola, Juve managing director Antonio Giraudo was also cleared of sporting fraud. I am very happy and excited. We never lost hope because we knew we were innocent.
In , Juventus midfielder Edgar Davids was given a five-month suspension, which was later reduced by a month, after testing positive for the banned substance nandrolone. At the time, the former Dutch international said: "I have never used any kind of doping. I strongly condemn the use of it. I do not understand anyway those who try to improve their performances using these substances. Nandrolone was the same substance for which Jaap Stam, then at Lazio, produced a positive sample in Stam denied any wrongdoing and thought it was a joke when informed, while shopping, by his agent.
He was later banned for five months. In , Chelsea goalkeeper Mark Bosnich was banned for nine months after testing positive for cocaine. He later admitted to a British newspaper: "This is my confession. I was addicted to cocaine.
Oldenburg's weight increased over four years from to , including a one-year gain of 53 pounds, which he attributed to diet and two hours of weight lifting daily. I just ate anything. Oldenburg told the AP he was surprised at the scope of steroid use in college football, even in Colorado State's locker room. The AP found more than 4, players -- or about 7 percent of all players -- who gained more than 20 pounds overall in a single year. It was common for the athletes to gain 10, 15 and up to 20 pounds in their first year under a rigorous regimen of weightlifting and diet.
Others gained 25, 35 and 40 pounds in a season. In roughly cases, players packed on as much 80 pounds in a single year. In at least 11 instances, players that AP identified as packing on significant weight in college went on to fail NFL drug tests. But pro football's confidentiality rules make it impossible to know for certain which drugs were used and how many others failed tests that never became public. What is bubbling under the surface in college football, which helps elite athletes gain unusual amounts of weight?
Without access to detailed information about each player's body composition, drug testing and workout regimen, which schools do not release, it's impossible to say with certainty what's behind the trend. But Catlin has little doubt: It is steroids. Football's most infamous steroid user was Lyle Alzado, who became a star NFL defensive end in the s and '80s before he admitted to juicing his entire career. He started in college, where the pound freshman gained 40 pounds in one year.
It was a 21 percent jump in body mass, a tremendous gain that far exceeded what researchers have seen in controlled, short-term studies of steroid use by athletes. Alzado died of brain cancer in The AP found more than big-time college football players who showed comparable one-year gains in the past decade.
Students posted such extraordinary weight gains across the country, in every conference, in nearly every school. Many of them eclipsed Alzado and gained 25, 35, even 40 percent of their body mass. Even though testers consider rapid weight gain suspicious, in practice it doesn't result in testing.
Ben Lamaak, who arrived at Iowa State in , said he weighed pounds in high school and pounds in the summer of his freshman year on the Cyclones football team. A year later, official rosters showed the former basketball player from Cedar Rapids weighed , a gain of 81 pounds since high school. He graduated as a pound offensive lineman and said he did it all naturally. I had fun doing it. I love to eat. It wasn't a problem. In addition to random drug testing, Iowa State is one of many schools that have "reasonable suspicion" testing.
That means players can be tested when their behavior or physical symptoms suggest drug use. The associate athletics director for athletic training at Iowa State, Mark Coberley, said coaches and trainers use body composition, strength data and other factors to spot suspected cheaters.
Lamaak, he said, was not suspicious because he gained a lot of "non-lean" weight. We keep our radar up and watch for things that are suspicious and try to protect the kids from making stupid decisions. There's no evidence that Lamaak's weight gain was anything but natural. Gaining fat is much easier than gaining muscle. But colleges don't routinely release information on how much of the weight their players gain is muscle, as opposed to fat. Without knowing more, said Benardot, the expert at Georgia State, it's impossible to say whether large athletes were putting on suspicious amounts of muscle or simply obese, which is defined as a body mass index greater than Looking solely at the most significant weight gainers also ignores players like Bryan Maneafaiga.
In the summer of , Maneafaiga was an undersized pound running back trying to make the University of Hawaii football team. Twice -- once in pre-season and once in the fall -- he failed school drug tests, showing up positive for marijuana use. What surprised him was that the same tests turned up negative for steroids. He'd started injecting stanozolol, a steroid, in the summer to help bulk up to a roster weight of pounds.
Once on the team, where he saw only limited playing time, he'd occasionally inject the milky liquid into his buttocks the day before games. Maneafaiga's coach, June Jones, meanwhile, said none of his players had tested positive for doping since he took over the team in He also said publicly that steroids had been eliminated in college football: "I would say percent," he told The Honolulu Advertiser in Jones said it was news to him that one of his players had used steroids.
Jones, who now coaches at Southern Methodist University, said many of his former players put on bulk working hard in the weight room. There have only been a handful of high-profile cases involving players who have been alleged to use illegal substances for doping purposes. But what exactly is doping in football, how prominent is it within the sport and how is it different from recreational drug activity?
How severe is the punishment for players who have been found guilty of consumption of performance-enhancing materials? Goal takes a look. Doping is the consumption of performance-enhancing materials and banned substances that are designed to improve sporting performance.
In football, that could mean increased stamina or strength. A player who is doping may have the edge in extra time, or be able to increase their sprint speed for crucial matches thanks to their use.
The International Olympic Committee IOC defines doping as "the intentional or unintentional use of prohibited substances and prohibited methods on the current doping list". Athletes who consume banned stimulants are risking their emotional, mental and physical health with long-lasting damage. Several doping substances not only negatively impact the physicality of the athlete, but can also impair the mental state of the player — with side-effects including anxiety, hallucinations and psychosis.
Many athletes will feel under considerable pressure to constantly perform at the highest levels — both by themselves and their peers — and, as shown by cases across sports, some will be tempted to resort to doping to enhance their chances of winning.
Young athletes at the start of their career are especially prone to this pressure. Athletes who have suffered substantial injuries will be tempted to dope in the hopes of accelerating their healing process. Doping testing out of competition - when an athlete is injured and not training - is a challenge for some sports.
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