Pie Graphs of the U. Age Distribution numbers in millions. In a pie graph, each slice of the pie represents a share of the total, or a percentage.
The three pie graphs in Figure 4 show that the share of the U. The pie graphs allow you to get a feel for the relative size of the different age groups from to to , without requiring you to slog through the specific numbers and percentages in the table. Some common examples of how pie graphs are used include dividing the population into groups by age, income level, ethnicity, religion, occupation; dividing different firms into categories by size, industry, number of employees; and dividing up government spending or taxes into its main categories.
A bar graph uses the height of different bars to compare quantities. The table, below, lists the 12 most populous countries in the world. Figure 5 provides this same data in a bar graph. The height of the bars corresponds to the population of each country. Although you may know that China and India are the most populous countries in the world, seeing how the bars on the graph tower over the other countries helps illustrate the magnitude of the difference between the sizes of national populations.
Figure 5. The graph shows the 12 countries of the world with the largest populations. The height of the bars in the bar graph shows the size of the population for each country. Bar graphs can be subdivided in a way that reveals information similar to that we can get from pie charts. Figure 6 offers three bar graphs based on the information from Figure 4 about the U.
Figure 6 a shows three bars for each year, representing the total number of persons in each age bracket for each year. Figure 6 b shows just one bar for each year, but the different age groups are now shaded inside the bar.
In Figure 6 c , still based on the same data, the vertical axis measures percentages rather than the number of persons. In this case, all three bar graphs are the same height, representing percent of the population, with each bar divided according to the percentage of population in each age group. It is sometimes easier for a reader to run his or her eyes across several bar graphs, comparing the shaded areas, rather than trying to compare several pie graphs.
Pie charts are best to use when you are trying to compare parts of a whole. They do not show changes over time. Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time. However, when trying to measure change over time, bar graphs are best when the changes are larger.
Each rectangular bar defines the number of elements that fall into a predefined class interval. A normally distributed histogram chart is usually bell-shaped. As the name suggests, this distribution is normal and is the standard for how a normal histogram chart should look like.
In a bimodally distributed histogram chart, we have two groups of histogram charts that are of normal distribution. It is formed as a result of combining two processes in a dataset.
This is an asymmetric graph with an off-center pick usually tending towards the end of the graph. A histogram chart can be said to be right or left-skewed depending on the direction where the peak tends towards.
This type of histogram chart does not have a regular pattern. It produces multiple peaks and can also be called a multimodal distribution. This distribution has a structure that is similar to that of a normal distribution with a large peak at one of its edges being the distinguishing factor.
Area charts are used to collectively measure data trends over a period of time by coloring the area between the line segment and the x-axis. In simpler terms, an area chart is an extension of the line chart. In a simple area chart, the colored segments overlap each other in the chart area.
They are placed above each other such that they intersect. In a stacked area chart, the colored segments are stacked on top of one another so that they do not intersect. This is a type of stacked area chart where the area occupied by each group of data on the chart is measured as a percentage of its amount from the total data. The vertical axis usually totals a hundred percent. A dot plot is a type of graph with data points, which are vertically represented by dot-like markers. It is said to be similar to the histogram chart and bar chart because the height of the aggregation of each group of the dot-like markers is equal to the frequency of the elements in a particular class interval.
This type of dot plot uses the local displacement to prevent the dots on the plot from overlapping. This dot lot was created by Leland Wilkinson. This is a scatterplot-like chart that displays data vertically in one dimension. It was developed by William Cleaveland.
Scatter plots are charts used to visualize random variables with dot-like markers that represent each data point. These markers are usually scattered across the chart area of the plot. Scatter plots are grouped into different types according to the correlation of the data points. These correlation types are highlighted below. Two groups of data visualized on a scatter plot are said to be positively correlated if an increase in one implies an increase in the other.
A scatter plot diagram can be said to have a high or low positive correlation. Two groups of data visualized on a scatter plot are said to be negatively correlated if an increase in one implies a decrease in the other A scatter plot diagram can be said to have a high or low negative correlation. Two groups of data visualized on a scatter plot are said to have no correlation if there is no clear correlation between them. For example, a histogram might display how many people belong to a certain age range within a population.
The height or length of each bar in the histogram shows how many people are in each category. Area graphs show a change in one or more quantities over a certain period of time.
They often help when displaying trends and patterns. Similar to a line graph, area graphs use dots connected by a line. However, an area graph involves coloring between the line and the horizontal axis. You can use several lines and colors between each one to show how multiple quantities add up to a whole.
For example, a retailer might use this method to display the profits of different stores over the same timeframe. Scatter plots use dots to depict the relationship between two different variables. The process involves plotting one variable along the horizontal axis and the other variable along the vertical axis. The resulting scatter plot demonstrates how much one variable affects the other. If there is no correlation, the dots appear in random places on the graph.
If there is a strong correlation, the dots are close together and form a line through the graph. There are seven common charts you can use to display information:. Flowcharts help organize the steps, decisions or actions in a process from beginning to end. They often include more than one starting point or endpoint, displaying different paths you can take in a process to get from start to finish.
People often use flowcharts to depict complex situations. They use special shapes to illustrate different parts of the process, and they typically include a legend to explain what each shape means. A pie chart presents the different parts of a whole. It looks like a circle divided into many pieces, much like a pie cut into slices. The pieces are different sizes based on how much of the whole they represent. Each piece usually has a label to represent its value compared to the whole.
Professionals can use pie charts in business presentations to demonstrate population segments, market research responses and budget allocations.
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