Communities started to take sides — the port of Hull for example refused entry to King Charles and declared its support for Parliament. Local loyalties and rivalries played a part in which side people took. In Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire many people objected to the drainage of the Fens being undertaken on behalf of wealthy investors licensed by the King, as it threatened their traditional trades and way of life. Six months later, on 22 August, the King raised his royal standard in Nottingham, declaring war on his own Parliament.
The First Civil War had begun. Today we tend to still use the nicknames for the two sides during the Civil War that were created at the time. One of the centres of Parliamentarian support was London, where teenage apprentices often had their hair cut short like most modern hairstyles at a time when it was fashionable for men to have shoulder length hair. Whilst the Cavaliers adopted their nickname, almost as a badge of pride, the Parliamentarians saw the word Roundhead as the insult that it was designed to be.
Woodcut from a Civil War newsbook, depicting the quarrel between Roundheads and Cavaliers. Causes of the Civil War. Taxation without Representation? King vs. Elizabethan World View. When Elizabeth had ascended to the throne she appointed loyal men to her throne, usually Protestants like William Cecil at the expense of the Northern Earls. This subtraction of power of course angered the Northern Earls, but was the Northern Rebellion just down to this?
Religion played a huge part in the daily lives of most people in the 16th century and with the majority of the North retaining Catholicism whilst Elizabeth slowly introduced Protestantism, surely this would cause further conflict. To an extent we can see evidence that the Northern rebellion was started due to religious reasons.
When one looks at the religious wars, it is very difficult to identify a beginning and middle. People can argue that the seed for the wars was planted in the wars between the Calvinists and Hapsburgs, otherwise known as the Dutch and the Spanish. It was inevitable that the growing division between Christian churches in Europe would lead to a series of armed conflicts for over a century. Protestants and Catholics would shed each other''s blood in monumental amounts in national wars and in civil wars.
The House of Commons was filled with these edgy Puritans under James I- who chose to overlook their requests, provoking them further. Charles, his son, was the one who felt the wrath of the Puritans come down upon England.
After trying to strengthen the Ca England and the Austrian, Habsburg Empire were both influenced by many of the same pressures during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Each nation witnessed segments of their society demand religious freedom, and each struggled with the issue of Monarchial government and who possessed the right to the throne.
These were the pressures faced by both nations and, though there were similarities between the issues, each nation took a very different approach to solving their problems. England would emerge from the 18th century capable of leading its citizens through a form of representative government; the Austrian, Habsburg Empire would find itself marginalized and absorbed by surrounding nations due to lack of unity and single purpose. England was successful at resolving its crises because, through compromise, it developed a stronger central government in the form of Constitutional Monarchy.
It challenged and upturned the deeply ingrained feudal system with a Monarch as the head of all moral, spiritual and governmental life, and moved thought and order towards new democratic ideas and systems of rule. This period saw a new experimentation in ideas and attitudes among the population, which was not welcomed by many. As Christopher Hill writes "What was new in the 17 centaury was the idea that the world might be permanently turned upside down". In the wake of Charles's regicide there was a "popular mid-seventeenth-centaury belief that the establishment of a prefect society was imminent" coward.
The events that meant it was necessary for British troops to be sent in stretch back a long way. This essay presents the main long term and short term explanations as to why troops were needed. The tensions between Catholic and Protestant citizens had been mounting for many years. In the end, the conflict changed the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society.
This effectively calmed simmering tensions between peoples of the two faiths within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 60 years, although there were flare ups, including the Cologne War and the War of the Julich Succession Still, the Holy Roman Empire may have controlled much of Europe at the time, though it was essentially a collection of semi-autonomous states or fiefdoms.
The emperor, from the House of Habsburg, had limited authority over their governance. Soon, armies for both sides were engaged in brutal warfare on multiple fronts, in present-day Austria and in the east in Transylvania, where Ottoman Empire soldiers fought alongside the Bohemians in exchange for yearly dues paid to the sultan against the Poles, who were on the side of the Habsburgs.
Even with help from soldiers from Scotland, however, the armies of Denmark-Norway fell to the forces of Ferdinand II, ceding much of northern Europe to the emperor. But in , Sweden, under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus, took the side of the northern Protestants and joined the fight, with its army helping to push Catholic forces back and regain much of the lost territory lost by the Protestant Union.
With the support of the Swedes, Protestant victories continued. However, when Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the Battle of Lutzen in , the Swedes lost some of their resolve. Using military assistance of Bohemian nobleman Albrecht von Wallenstein, who provided his army of an estimated 50, soldiers to Ferdinand II in exchange for the freedom to plunder any captured territory, began to respond and, by , the Swedes were vanquished. With religious and political tensions in the latter regions remaining high, fighting continued.
The French, though Catholic, were rivals of the Habsburgs and were unhappy with the provisions of the Peace of Prague. Thus, the French entered the conflict in However, at least initially, their armies were unable to make inroads against the forces of Ferdinand II, even after he died of old age in However, the French recovered, and fighting between the French-Protestant alliance and the forces of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire were at a stalemate for the next several years.
In , the Portuguese began to revolt against their Spanish rulers, thereby weakening their military efforts on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire. Two years later, the Swedes re-entered the fray, further weakening Habsburg forces. The next year, , was pivotal in the decades-long conflict.
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