Citations Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first page. Cited By. This article is cited by 21 publications. Taylor, W. The Journal of Physical Chemistry , 31 2 , Gupta , S. Ibrahim , A. Al Shoaibi. Advances in sulfur chemistry for treatment of acid gases. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 54 , Equilibrium Constants. In Reductions of Sulfur Dioxide. The amino acid cysteine also contains sulphur. The average person takes in around mg of sulphur per day, mainly in the form of protein.
Elemental sulphur is not toxic, but many simple sulphur derivates are, such as sulphur dioxide SO 2 and hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur can be found commonly in nature as sulphides. During several processes sulfur bonds are added to the environment that are damaging to animals, as well as humans. These damaging sulphur bonds are also shaped in nature during various reactions, mostly when substances that are not naturally present have already been added.
They are unwanted because of their unpleasant smells and are often highly toxic. Globally sulphuric substances can have the following effects on human health: - Neurological effects and behavioural changes - Disturbance of blood circulation - Heart damage - Effects on eyes and eyesight - Reproductive failure - Damage to immune systems - Stomach and gastrointestinal disorder - Damage to liver and kidney functions - Hearing defects - Disturbance of the hormonal metabolism - Dermatological effects - Suffocation and lung embolism.
Sulfur can be found in the air in many different forms. It can cause irritations of the eyes and the throat with animals, when the uptake takes place through inhalation of sulfur in the gaseous phase. Sulfur is applied in industries widely and emitted to air, due to the limited possibilities of destruction of the sulfur bonds that are applied. Nearly 90 percent of all sulfur produced goes into sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is the number one chemical in the world in terms of the amount produced.
Each year, almost twice as much sulfuric acid is made as the next highest chemical, nitrogen. In , more than 45 million tons of sulfuric acid were produced in the United States alone.
The greatest portion, nearly 75 percent, of sulfuric acid is used to make fertilizers. The next most important use, 10 percent, is in the petroleum industry. Other important uses of sulfuric acid are in the treatment of copper ores; the production of paper and paper products; the manufacture of other agricultural chemicals; and the production of plastics, synthetic rubber, and other synthetic materials.
Sulfuric acid is also used in smaller amounts to make explosives, water treatment chemicals, storage batteries, pesticides, Reaction of sulfuric acid and sugar. The cleansing power of sulfur has been known for many centuries.
At one time, ancient physicians burned sulfur in a house to cleanse it of impurities. Creams made with sulfur were used to treat infections and diseases. In fact, sulfur is still used to treat certain medical problems.
Sulfur is prepared in one of three forms. Precipitated sulfur milk of sulfur is made by boiling sulfur with lime. Sublimed sulfur flowers of sulfur is pure sulfur powder. And washed sulfur is sulfur treated with ammonia water. Washed sulfur is used to kill parasites organisms that live on other organisms such as fleas and ticks.
It is also used as a laxative, a substance that helps loosen the bowels. Sulfur is a macronutrient for both plants and animals. A macronutrient is an element needed in relatively large amounts to insure the good health of an organism. Sulfur is used to make proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA.
It also occurs in many essential enzymes. Enzymes are chemicals that make chemical reactions occur more quickly in cells. Humans usually have no problem getting enough sulfur in their diets. Eggs and meats are especially rich in sulfur. A person who does not get enough sulfur in his or her diet develops certain health problems. These include itchy and flaking skin and improper development of hair and nails.
Under very unusual conditions, a lack of sulfur can lead to death. Such conditions would be very rare, however. Plants require sulfur for normal growth and development. When plants do not get enough sulfur from the soil, their young leaves start to turn yellow.
Eventually, this yellowing extends to the whole plant. The plant may develop other diseases as a result. Toggle navigation. Discovery and naming Sulfur must have been well known to ancient peoples. Physical properties Sulfur exists in two allotropic forms. Chemical properties Sulfur's most prominent chemical property is that it burns. Occurrence in nature At one time, sulfur occurred in layers along the Earth's surface. Isotopes There are four naturally occurring isotopes of sulfur: sulfur, sulfur, sulfur, and sulfur Sulfur occurs in the vicinity of volcanoes.
The Frasch method of removing sulfur T he Frasch method is one of the most famous mining systems ever invented. Here is how the method works: A set of three nested pipes one inside each other is sunk into the ground.
Extraction Like coal, sulfur sometimes occurs in thick layers under ground. Uses Sulfur has relatively few uses as an element. Compounds Nearly 90 percent of all sulfur produced goes into sulfuric acid.
Reaction of sulfuric acid and sugar. Health effects The cleansing power of sulfur has been known for many centuries. Other articles you might like:. Also read article about Sulfur from Wikipedia. Sulfur is being increasingly used as a fertilizer as well.
Because standard sulfur is hydrophobic, it is covered with a surfactant by bacteria before oxidation can occur. Sulfur is therefore a slow-release fertilizer. Lastly, sulfur functions as a light-generating medium in sulfur lamps.
Concentrated sulfuric acid was once one of the most produced chemicals in the United States, the majority of the H 2 SO 4 that is now produced is used in fertilizer. It is also used in oil refining, production of titanium dioxide, in emergency power supplies and car batteries. The mineral gypsum is calcium sulfate dihydrate is used in making plaster of Paris. This compound is important in water purification. Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Sulfites are used in the paper making industry because they produce a substance that coats the cellulose in the word and frees the fibers of the wood for treatment.
Because power plants burn coal or high-sulfur fuel oils, SO 2 g is released into the air. When catalyzed on the surfaces of airborne particles, SO 2 can be oxidized to SO 3. A reaction with NO 2 works as well as shown in the following reaction:.
H 2 SO 4 mist is then produced after SO 3 reacts with water vapor in the air. By removing sulfur from fuels and controlling emissions, acid rain and industrial smog can be kept under control. Processes like the fluidized bed combustion have been presented to remove SO 2 from smokestack gases.
Learning Objectives Describe the chemistry of the oxygen group. Give the trend of various properties. Remember the names of Group 16 elements. Explain the Frasch process. Physical Properties of Sulfur Sulfur has an atomic weight of Image by Johannes Hemmerlein and used with permission. At The crystal structure found in monoclinic sulfur differs from that of rhombic sulfur.
The molecules are still made up of eight Sulfur atoms but the molecule opens up and transforms from a circle into a long spiral-chain molecule. To produce plastic sulfur , Sis poured into cold water. Plastic sulfur is rubberlike and is made up of long, spiral-chain molecules. If plastic sulfur sits for long, it will reconvert to rhombic sulfur. Oxides There are many different stable sulfur oxides, but the two that are commonly found are sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide.
However, this often leads to pollution problems. Water is circulated in the tower to maintain the correct concentration and the acid is diluted with water at the end in order to produce the correct concentration.
Pure sulfuric acid has no color and odor, and it is an oily, hygroscopic liquid. However, sulfuric acid vapor produces heavy, white smoke and a suffocating odor.
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