Newton then returned to Cambridge in , and served as a mathematics professor until Newton's Advancements Understanding gravity was only part of Newton's contribution to mathematics and science. His other major interest was calculus, a subject that examines rates, or the measurement of change.
Along with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, Newton developed differentiation and integration. These two methods are still used in may areas of science. Differentiation is used to measure any rate of change, like how quickly an animal species reproduces.
Integration is often used in geometry to calculate areas and volumes. Newton also took great interest in optics, the study of light and its behavior. This led him to propose, correctly, that white light is actually the combination of light of all the colors of the rainbow.
He used his knowledge to show why telescopes back then couldn't reproduce colors accurately. Newton designed a telescope that used mirrors rather than just glass lenses. This allowed the new machine to focus all the colors on a single point, resulting in a crisper, more accurate image.
To this day, reflecting telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, are key tools of astronomy. Newton's apple insight allowed him to develop the three laws of motion.
These laws are still used to describe how forces affect objects, like how rockets fly or baseballs move. A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction. First Law of Motion: Inertia An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion along a straight line unless moved by an outside force.
Second Law of Motion: Acceleration An object will accelerate if force is applied to it. Acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity. The acceleration will happen in the direction of the force. For a fixed force, bigger objects will have a smaller acceleration. For example, say Object A hits Object B. This means that A is exerting a force on B in a certain direction. By Newton's third law, A is also receiving a force by B.
The two forces are equal and are directed in opposite directions. The Latin title is translated as Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , and the book is commonly known as the Principia.
At that point, he served as the head of Britain's Royal Mint, which printed money and created coins. He also served in Parliament, a branch of the British government, and wrote on religion, among other things. As a personality, Newton was solitary when young, and vain and vengeful in his later years, Rees says. Uniform motion, which is an object moving at a constant velocity in a constant direction, or an object at rest sitting on a table, for example. This law states that nothing happens without force, and an object remains in uniform motion unless it is acted upon by a force.
Acceleration motion, which is any change in either the speed of an object or in the direction of its movement. As an example, circular motion not uniform motion at a constant speed is acceleration. This law puts the whole idea in quantitative terms, it says force equals mass times acceleration, and numbers can be plugged into that equation.
The third law presents the idea that forces act in pairs. Equal and opposite forces occur simultaneously. When you push on an object, it pushes back on you with the same force at the same time. This is a transcript from the video series The Joy of Science. Watch it now, on Wondrium. During those years he burst a remarkable discovery which was deducing a mathematical description of the universal force of gravity.
What Newton discovered in the family apple orchard was that gravity is a universal force. It extends all the way out to the planets, to the Moon, to the stars, and farther. The young scholar looked up to see an apple ripening on the tree, and above it, he saw the Moon in its orbit. Learn more about the nature of energy. They were penned by his scientific rival Robert Hooke in , decades before Newton started telling people the apple story.
This has led some historians to suspect Newton deliberately made up the story of the apple to back his claim to priority. While Hooke is best known today for a dull law about springs, he was one of the most brilliant scientists of his time, and made a host of discoveries.
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